@article{picard_crowd-sourcing_2014, title = {Crowd-sourcing a scientific study to understand autonomic disruption in epilepsy}, url = {http://affect.media.mit.edu/pdfs/Picard-etal-PAME-2014.pdf}, urldate = {2015-08-12}, journal = {Poster session at the 2014 Patterns Against Mortality in Epilepsy (PAME '14) Conference}, author = {Picard, R. and Loddenkemper, T. and Reinsberger, C. and Sarkis, R. A. and Dworetzky, B. and Lai, M. and Tognettii, S. and Picard, L. and Surges, R. and Friedman, D. and {others}}, year = {2014}, file = {[PDF] from mit.edu:/Users/chiaracaborni/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/texnxewa.default/zotero/storage/NGU7U3GF/Picard et al. - 2014 - Crowd-sourcing a scientific study to understand au.pdf:application/pdf} } @article{micoulaud-franchi_skin_2014, title = {Skin conductance biofeedback training in adults with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy and stress-triggered seizures: a proof-of-concept study}, volume = {41}, issn = {1525-5069}, shorttitle = {Skin conductance biofeedback training in adults with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy and stress-triggered seizures}, doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.017}, abstract = {The present proof-of-concept study investigated the feasibility of skin conductance biofeedback training in reducing seizures in adults with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), whose seizures are triggered by stress. Skin conductance biofeedback aims to increase levels of peripheral sympathetic arousal in order to reduce cortical excitability. This might seem somewhat counterintuitive, since such autonomic arousal may also be associated with increased stress and anxiety. Thus, this sought to verify that patients with TLE and stress-triggered seizures are not worsened in terms of stress, anxiety, and negative emotional response to this nonpharmacological treatment. Eleven patients with drug-resistant TLE with seizures triggered by stress were treated with 12 sessions of biofeedback. Patients did not worsen on cognitive evaluation of attentional biases towards negative emotional stimuli (P{\textgreater}.05) or on psychometric evaluation with state anxiety inventory (P = .059); in addition, a significant improvement was found in the Negative Affect Schedule (P = .014) and in the Beck Depression Inventory (P = .009). Biofeedback training significantly reduced seizure frequency with a mean reduction of -48.61\% (SD = 27.79) (P = .005). There was a correlation between the mean change in skin conductance activity over the biofeedback treatment and the reduction of seizure frequency (r(11) = .62, P = .042). Thus, the skin conductance biofeedback used in the present study, which teaches patients to achieve an increased level of peripheral sympathetic arousal, was a well-tolerated nonpharmacological treatment. Further, well-controlled studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic value of this nonpharmacological treatment in reducing seizures in adults with drug-resistant TLE with seizures triggered by stress.}, language = {eng}, journal = {Epilepsy \& Behavior: E\&B}, author = {Micoulaud-Franchi, Jean-Arthur and Kotwas, Iliana and Lanteaume, Laura and Berthet, Christelle and Bastien, Mireille and Vion-Dury, Jean and McGonigal, Aileen and Bartolomei, Fabrice}, month = dec, year = {2014}, pmid = {25461224}, pages = {244--250} } @article{mangina_direct_1996, title = {Direct electrical stimulation of specific human brain structures and bilateral electrodermal activity}, volume = {22}, issn = {0167-8760}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167876096000220}, doi = {10.1016/0167-8760(96)00022-0}, abstract = {We are presenting data of research conducted for the first time with human subjects in whom specific intracerebral sites were electrically stimulated through intracerebral electrodes with the concomitant recording of bilateral electrodermal activity. Direct electrical stimulation of specific intracerebral structures for which electrodermal responses were analyzed were the amygdalae, the anterior and posterior hippocampi, the anterior cingulate gyri, the frontal cortical convexities and the mid-region of the second temporal gyri, bilaterally. ANOVA data (side stimulated × stimulation intensity × hand) have shown that significant main effects were found for side stimulated and stimulation intensity for limbic structures only. These results provide strong evidence that human bilateral electrodermal activity is under strong ipsilateral control when limbic structures are stimulated. Moreover, with the stimulation of cortical sites, either absence of response or weak ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilaterally equal influences seem to be operative in the elicitation of bilateral electrodermal activity.}, number = {1–2}, urldate = {2015-08-12}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology}, author = {Mangina, Constantine A. and Beuzeron-Mangina, J. Helen}, month = apr, year = {1996}, keywords = {Bilateral electrodermal activity, Cortical site, Electrical brain stimulation, Hemispheric control, Human, Intracerebral modulator, Limbic structure}, pages = {1--8}, file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/chiaracaborni/Library/Application Support/Zotero/Profiles/texnxewa.default/zotero/storage/5FH97RZH/0167876096000220.html:text/html} } @inproceedings{hernandez_autoemotive:_2014, address = {New York, NY, USA}, series = {{DIS} {Companion} '14}, title = {{AutoEmotive}: {Bringing} {Empathy} to the {Driving} {Experience} to {Manage} {Stress}}, isbn = {978-1-4503-2903-3}, shorttitle = {{AutoEmotive}}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2598784.2602780}, doi = {10.1145/2598784.2602780}, abstract = {With recent developments in sensing technologies, it's becoming feasible to comfortably measure several aspects of emotions during challenging daily life situations. This work describes how the stress of drivers can be measured through different types of interactions, and how the information can enable several interactions in the car with the goal of helping to manage stress. These new interactions could help not only to bring empathy to the driving experience but also to improve driver safety and increase social awareness.}, urldate = {2015-08-12}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 {Companion} {Publication} on {Designing} {Interactive} {Systems}}, publisher = {ACM}, author = {Hernandez, Javier and McDuff, Daniel and Benavides, Xavier and Amores, Judith and Maes, Pattie and Picard, Rosalind}, year = {2014}, keywords = {affective computing, automotive, stress management}, pages = {53--56} } @article{van_dooren_emotional_2012, title = {Emotional sweating across the body: comparing 16 different skin conductance measurement locations}, volume = {106}, issn = {1873-507X}, shorttitle = {Emotional sweating across the body}, doi = {10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.01.020}, abstract = {Skin conductance (SC) is one of the most commonly used measures in psychophysiological studies involving emotional arousal and is traditionally measured at the fingers or the palms (i.e., the palmar locations) of the hand. Palmar skin conductance recording positions are, however, not always preferred for ambulatory recordings in real-life situations. This study quantifies the responsiveness and similarity with the finger of 16 different recording positions of skin conductance while watching emotional film fragments. Findings indicated foot, fingers and shoulders being most responsive, whereas arm, back, armpit, and thighbone were least responsive. The measurements at the foot were most similar with those of the finger. In contrast, arm, back, and armpit traces differed most from the finger trace. Taken together, foot and shoulders are the best alternatives to the finger for ambulatory measurement of skin conductance to reflect emotional arousal. These findings can help new applications using skin conductance, like automated emotion measurements, to come to fruition.}, language = {eng}, number = {2}, journal = {Physiology \& Behavior}, author = {van Dooren, Marieke and de Vries, J. J. G. Gert-Jan and Janssen, Joris H.}, month = may, year = {2012}, pmid = {22330325}, keywords = {Adult, Emotions, Extremities, Female, Fingers, Galvanic Skin Response, Head, Humans, Male, Neck, Photic Stimulation, Psychophysiology, Sweating, Torso, Visual Perception}, pages = {298--304} } @article{pieper_preschool_2013, title = {Preschool children with lower executive function may be more vulnerable to emotional-based eating in the absence of hunger}, volume = {62}, issn = {1095-8304}, doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2012.11.020}, abstract = {Decreased executive function (EF) has been linked to unhealthy eating behaviors and obesity in older children and adults, however little is known about this relationship in young children. One possible reason for this association is that individuals with degraded EF are more vulnerable to emotional-based overeating. Emotional eating may thus be more likely to occur in persons with lower self-control or ability to regulate emotions. A pilot project in a research-based preschool was conducted to examine the relationships between executive function, emotional arousal and eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) in 3-6year-old children. Executive function was measured through child-completed tasks, parent questionnaires, and standardized teacher reports. Emotional arousal was measured via skin conductance. Children who had lower cognitive development scores as indicated by teacher reports had higher EAH. Increased emotional arousal was associated with increased EAH, but only in a subgroup of children who had a lower capacity for emotional regulation as suggested by lower delay of gratification scores, lower effortful control (parent questionnaire), and overall lower teacher-reported cognitive development. Further studies are necessary to determine whether interventions to improve executive function and emotional regulation in young children may also have the benefit of improving eating behaviors and decreasing risk of obesity in the long run.}, language = {eng}, journal = {Appetite}, author = {Pieper, Joy Rickman and Laugero, Kevin D.}, month = mar, year = {2013}, pmid = {23211377}, keywords = {Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Diet, Emotions, Executive Function, Faculty, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Hunger, Hyperphagia, Male, Obesity, Parents, Pilot Projects, Questionnaires, Social Control, Informal}, pages = {103--109} } @article{ryvlin_incidence_2013, title = {Incidence and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory arrests in epilepsy monitoring units ({MORTEMUS}): a retrospective study}, volume = {12}, issn = {1474-4465}, shorttitle = {Incidence and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory arrests in epilepsy monitoring units ({MORTEMUS})}, doi = {10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70214-X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in people with chronic refractory epilepsy. Very rarely, SUDEP occurs in epilepsy monitoring units, providing highly informative data for its still elusive pathophysiology. The MORTEMUS study expanded these data through comprehensive evaluation of cardiorespiratory arrests encountered in epilepsy monitoring units worldwide. METHODS: Between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 29, 2009, we did a systematic retrospective survey of epilepsy monitoring units located in Europe, Israel, Australia, and New Zealand, to retrieve data for all cardiorespiratory arrests recorded in these units and estimate their incidence. Epilepsy monitoring units from other regions were invited to report similar cases to further explore the mechanisms. An expert panel reviewed data, including video electroencephalogram (VEEG) and electrocardiogram material at the time of cardiorespiratory arrests whenever available. FINDINGS: 147 (92\%) of 160 units responded to the survey. 29 cardiorespiratory arrests, including 16 SUDEP (14 at night), nine near SUDEP, and four deaths from other causes, were reported. Cardiorespiratory data, available for ten cases of SUDEP, showed a consistent and previously unrecognised pattern whereby rapid breathing (18-50 breaths per min) developed after secondary generalised tonic-clonic seizure, followed within 3 min by transient or terminal cardiorespiratory dysfunction. Where transient, this dysfunction later recurred with terminal apnoea occurring within 11 min of the end of the seizure, followed by cardiac arrest. SUDEP incidence in adult epilepsy monitoring units was 5·1 (95\% CI 2·6-9·2) per 1000 patient-years, with a risk of 1·2 (0·6-2·1) per 10,000 VEEG monitorings, probably aggravated by suboptimum supervision and possibly by antiepileptic drug withdrawal. INTERPRETATION: SUDEP in epilepsy monitoring units primarily follows an early postictal, centrally mediated, severe alteration of respiratory and cardiac function induced by generalised tonic-clonic seizure, leading to immediate death or a short period of partly restored cardiorespiratory function followed by terminal apnoea then cardiac arrest. Improved supervision is warranted in epilepsy monitoring units, in particular during night time. FUNDING: Commission of European Affairs of the International League Against Epilepsy.}, language = {eng}, number = {10}, journal = {The Lancet. Neurology}, author = {Ryvlin, Philippe and Nashef, Lina and Lhatoo, Samden D. and Bateman, Lisa M. and Bird, Jonathan and Bleasel, Andrew and Boon, Paul and Crespel, Arielle and Dworetzky, Barbara A. and Høgenhaven, Hans and Lerche, Holger and Maillard, Louis and Malter, Michael P. and Marchal, Cecile and Murthy, Jagarlapudi M. K. and Nitsche, Michael and Pataraia, Ekaterina and Rabben, Terje and Rheims, Sylvain and Sadzot, Bernard and Schulze-Bonhage, Andreas and Seyal, Masud and So, Elson L. and Spitz, Mark and Szucs, Anna and Tan, Meng and Tao, James X. and Tomson, Torbjörn}, month = oct, year = {2013}, pmid = {24012372}, keywords = {Adult, Australia, Child, Death, Sudden, Cardiac, Epilepsy, Europe, Female, Heart Arrest, Hospital Units, Humans, Incidence, Israel, Male, Middle Aged, New Zealand, Retrospective Studies, Seizures, Young Adult}, pages = {966--977} } @article{poh_convulsive_2012, title = {Convulsive seizure detection using a wrist-worn electrodermal activity and accelerometry biosensor}, volume = {53}, copyright = {Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (c) 2012 International League Against Epilepsy}, issn = {1528-1167}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03444.x/abstract}, doi = {10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03444.x}, abstract = {The special requirements for a seizure detector suitable for everyday use in terms of cost, comfort, and social acceptance call for alternatives to electroencephalography (EEG)–based methods. Therefore, we developed an algorithm for automatic detection of generalized tonic–clonic (GTC) seizures based on sympathetically mediated electrodermal activity (EDA) and accelerometry measured using a novel wrist-worn biosensor. The problem of GTC seizure detection was posed as a supervised learning task in which the goal was to classify 10-s epochs as a seizure or nonseizure event based on 19 extracted features from EDA and accelerometry recordings using a Support Vector Machine. Performance was evaluated using a double cross-validation method. The new seizure detection algorithm was tested on {\textgreater}4,213 h of recordings from 80 patients and detected 15 (94\%) of 16 of the GTC seizures from seven patients with 130 false alarms (0.74 per 24 h). This algorithm can potentially provide a convulsive seizure alarm system for caregivers and objective quantification of seizure frequency.}, language = {en}, number = {5}, urldate = {2015-08-12}, journal = {Epilepsia}, author = {Poh, Ming-Zher and Loddenkemper, Tobias and Reinsberger, Claus and Swenson, Nicholas C. and Goyal, Shubhi and Sabtala, Mangwe C. and Madsen, Joseph R. and Picard, Rosalind W.}, month = may, year = {2012}, keywords = {Accelerometry, Electrodermal activity, Epilepsy, Seizure alarm, Wearable sensor}, pages = {e93--e97} } @article{sano_quantitative_2014, title = {Quantitative analysis of wrist electrodermal activity during sleep}, volume = {94}, issn = {1872-7697}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.09.011}, abstract = {We present the first quantitative characterization of electrodermal activity (EDA) patterns on the wrists of healthy adults during sleep using dry electrodes. We compare the new results on the wrist to the prior findings on palmar or finger EDA by characterizing data measured from 80 nights of sleep consisting of 9 nights of wrist and palm EDA from 9 healthy adults sleeping at home, 56 nights of wrist and palm EDA from one healthy adult sleeping at home, and 15 nights of wrist EDA from 15 healthy adults in a sleep laboratory, with the latter compared to concurrent polysomnography. While high frequency patterns of EDA called "storms" were identified by eye in the 1960s, we systematically compare thresholds for automatically detecting EDA peaks and establish criteria for EDA storms. We found that more than 80\% of the EDA peaks occurred in non-REM sleep, specifically during slow-wave sleep (SWS) and non-REM stage 2 sleep (NREM2). Also, EDA amplitude is higher in SWS than in other sleep stages. Longer EDA storms were more likely to occur in the first two quarters of sleep and during SWS and NREM2. We also found from the home studies (65 nights) that EDA levels were higher and the skin conductance peaks were larger and more frequent when measured on the wrist than when measured on the palm. These EDA high frequency peaks and high amplitude were sometimes associated with higher skin temperature, but more work is needed looking at neurological and other EDA elicitors in order to elucidate their complete behavior.}, language = {eng}, number = {3}, journal = {International Journal of Psychophysiology: Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology}, author = {Sano, Akane and Picard, Rosalind W. and Stickgold, Robert}, month = dec, year = {2014}, pmid = {25286449}, pmcid = {PMC4335672}, pages = {382--389} } @article{picard_importance_2014, title = {The importance of measuring autonomic data in new epilepsy treatments}, journal = {Poster session at the 2014 Epilepsy Pipeline Conference}, author = {Picard, R. W. and Devinsky, O. and Dworetzky, B. and French, J. A. and Friedman, D. and Lai, M. and Loddenkemper, T. and Poh, M. -Z. and Reinsberger, C. and Sarkis, R. A. and Surges, R.}, month = jun, year = {2014} } @article{poh_autonomic_2012, title = {Autonomic changes with seizures correlate with postictal {EEG} suppression}, volume = {78}, issn = {0028-3878, 1526-632X}, url = {http://www.neurology.org/content/78/23/1868}, doi = {10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258f7f1}, abstract = {Objective: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) poses a poorly understood but considerable risk to people with uncontrolled epilepsy. There is controversy regarding the significance of postictal generalized EEG suppression as a biomarker for SUDEP risk, and it remains unknown whether postictal EEG suppression has a neurologic correlate. Here, we examined the profile of autonomic alterations accompanying seizures with a wrist-worn biosensor and explored the relationship between autonomic dysregulation and postictal EEG suppression. Methods: We used custom-built wrist-worn sensors to continuously record the sympathetically mediated electrodermal activity (EDA) of patients with refractory epilepsy admitted to the long-term video-EEG monitoring unit. Parasympathetic-modulated high-frequency (HF) power of heart rate variability was measured from concurrent EKG recordings. Results: A total of 34 seizures comprising 22 complex partial and 12 tonic-clonic seizures from 11 patients were analyzed. The postictal period was characterized by a surge in EDA and heightened heart rate coinciding with persistent suppression of HF power. An increase in the EDA response amplitude correlated with an increase in the duration of EEG suppression (r = 0.81, p = 0.003). Decreased HF power correlated with an increase in the duration of EEG suppression (r = −0.87, p = 0.002). Conclusion: The magnitude of both sympathetic activation and parasympathetic suppression increases with duration of EEG suppression after tonic-clonic seizures. These results provide autonomic correlates of postictal EEG suppression and highlight a critical window of postictal autonomic dysregulation that may be relevant in the pathogenesis of SUDEP.}, language = {en}, number = {23}, urldate = {2015-08-12}, journal = {Neurology}, author = {Poh, M.-Z. and Loddenkemper, T. and Reinsberger, C. and Swenson, N. C. and Goyal, S. and Madsen, J. R. and Picard, R. W.}, month = jun, year = {2012}, pmid = {22539579}, pages = {1868--1876} } @article{nagai_biofeedback_2011, title = {Biofeedback and epilepsy}, volume = {11}, issn = {1534-6293}, doi = {10.1007/s11910-011-0201-3}, abstract = {Biofeedback is a noninvasive behavioral treatment that enables a patient to gain volitional control over a physiological process. As a treatment for epilepsy, biofeedback interventions were explored from as early as the 1970s, concentrating on sensory motor rhythm (SMR) as a neurophysiologic parameter. Whereas SMR biofeedback aims to modulate frequency components of the electroencephalography (EEG), slow cortical potential (SCP) biofeedback (which was introduced in the 1990s) focuses on the regulation of the amplitude of cortical potential changes (DC shift). In its application to epilepsy, biofeedback using galvanic skin response (GSR), an electrodermal measure of sympathetic activity, is a relatively new cost-effective methodology. The present article first reviews biofeedback using SMR and SCP, for which efficacy and neural mechanisms are relatively well characterized. Then recent data regarding promising applications of GSR biofeedback will be introduced and discussed in detail.}, language = {eng}, number = {4}, journal = {Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports}, author = {Nagai, Yoko}, month = aug, year = {2011}, pmid = {21465147}, keywords = {Animals, Biofeedback, Psychology, Electroencephalography, Epilepsy, Humans}, pages = {443--450} } @article{poh_wearable_2010, title = {A {Wearable} {Sensor} for {Unobtrusive}, {Long}-{Term} {Assessment} of {Electrodermal} {Activity}}, volume = {57}, issn = {0018-9294}, doi = {10.1109/TBME.2009.2038487}, abstract = {Electrodermal activity (EDA) is a sensitive index of sympathetic nervous system activity. Due to the lack of sensors that can be worn comfortably during normal daily activity and over extensive periods of time, research in this area is limited to laboratory settings or artificial clinical environments. We developed a novel, unobtrusive, nonstigmatizing, wrist-worn integrated sensor, and present, for the very first time, a demonstration of long-term, continuous assessment of EDA outside of a laboratory setting. We evaluated the performance of our device against a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved system for the measurement of EDA during physical, cognitive, as well as emotional stressors at both palmar and distal forearm sites, and found high correlations across all the tests. We also evaluated the choice of electrode material by comparing conductive fabric with Ag/AgCl electrodes and discuss the limitations found. An important result presented in this paper is evidence that the distal forearm is a viable alternative to the traditional palmar sites for EDA measurements. Our device offers the unprecedented ability to perform comfortable, long-term, and in situ assessment of EDA. This paper opens up opportunities for future investigations that were previously not feasible, and could have far-reaching implications for diagnosis and understanding of psychological or neurological conditions.}, number = {5}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, author = {Poh, Ming-Zher and Swenson, N.C. and Picard, R.W.}, month = may, year = {2010}, keywords = {Ag-AgCl electrodes, artificial clinical environments, bioelectric phenomena, biomedical electrode material, biomedical electrodes, body area networks, Clothing, cognitive stressors, conductive fabric, distal forearm, Electrodermal activity, Electrodermal activity (EDA), emotional stressors, Equipment Design, Equipment Failure Analysis, FDA approved system, forearm, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Monitoring, Ambulatory, neurophysiology, normal daily activity, palmar sites, patient diagnosis, physical stressors, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, skin, skin conductance, sweat, sympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system activity, Telemetry, Transducers, unobtrusive long-term assessment, Wearable sensor, wearable sensors, wrist, wrist-worn integrated sensor}, pages = {1243--1252} } @misc{fedor_ambulatory_2014, title = {Ambulatory {EDA}: {Comparisons} of bilateral forearm and calf locations}, url = {http://affect.media.mit.edu/pdfs/14.Fedor-Picard-EDA_assymetry-SPR.pdf}, abstract = {The growing need for ambulatory measurement of sympathetic nervous system arousal makes it important to find an unobtrusive alternative to the palmar site for long-term measurement of electrodermal activity (EDA), where sensors may need to be worn for a month or longer. Two prior studies have shown that EDA measured on the palmar and forearm sites is highly correlated; consequently, in this work we examine EDA measured simultaneously from the left and right forearm and left and right calf locations on the bodies of healthy adult volunteers (n=32), sites that support long-term wear. Time-synchronized measurements are made while each participant experiences three types of stressors: physical, cognitive, and emotional, preceded and followed by four rest periods. We also examine the lag of EDA response times in the physical task. All multi-site cross-correlations for all tasks and rest periods had median correlation coefficients above 0.5. The bilateral EDA measurements between both calves have the highest correlation coefficients (mean = 0.91, median = 0.96) calculated over the entire experiment, followed by the correlation coefficients between the forearms (mean=0.78, median=0.91). Participants who reported regularly playing sport showed faster EDA responses to the physical task than those who were less active. All participants reported the four locations to be comfortable, while 40\% of participants reported the calf to be slightly more comfortable than the forearm. This study suggests that the back of the lower calf is a viable site for long term measurement of EDA.}, publisher = {Poster Session of 54th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR)}, author = {Fedor, Szymon and Picard, Rosalind W.}, month = sep, year = {2014}, keywords = {Electrodermal activity, Emotion/affect, long-term measurement} } @article{dolgin_technology:_2014, title = {Technology: {Dressed} to detect}, volume = {511}, copyright = {© 2014 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.}, issn = {0028-0836}, shorttitle = {Technology}, url = {http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v511/n7508_supp/full/511S16a.html}, doi = {10.1038/511S16a}, abstract = {Wearable devices that monitor seizures promise improvements in epilepsy treatments and research.}, language = {en}, number = {7508}, urldate = {2015-08-12}, journal = {Nature}, author = {Dolgin, Elie}, month = jul, year = {2014}, keywords = {Biomarkers, Brain, Electromyography - EMG, Epilepsy, Sensors and probes}, pages = {S16--S17} } @article{picard_importance_2015, title = {The importance of measuring autonomic data in new epilepsy treatments}, volume = {46}, issn = {1525-5050}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525505015001821}, doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.053}, urldate = {2015-08-12}, journal = {Epilepsy \& Behavior}, author = {Picard, R. W. and Devinsky, O. and Dworetzky, B. and French, J. A. and Friedman, D. and Lai, M. and Loddenkemper, T. and Poh, M. -Z. and Reinsberger, C. and Sarkis, R. A. and Surges, R.}, month = may, year = {2015}, pages = {54--55} }